Explanatory Notes on Main Statistical Indicators
Regular
Institutions of Higher Education refer to educational establishments recruiting graduates from senior
secondary schools as the main target through National Matriculation TEST. They
include full-time universities, independently established colleges, colleges,
and institutions of higher professional education, institutions of higher
vocational education and others.
Institutions
of Higher Education for Adults refer to educational
establishments, enrolling personnel with senior secondary school or equivalent
education through National Matriculation TEST for Adult, and providing higher
education courses in forms of correspondence, spare time, or full time for
adults. Institutions of higher learning for adults include schools of higher
education for staff and workers, schools of higher education for peasants,
colleges for management cadres, pedagogical colleges, independent
correspondence colleges, radio and television universities and other
educational establishments. Other educational establishments refer to
undertaking adult students enrolment but not
enumerated in the number of schools under the State Plan.
Scientific
and Technological Activities (S&T Activities)
refer to organized activities which are closely related with the creation,
development, dissemination and application of the scientific and technical
knowledge in the fields of natural sciences, agricultural science, medical
science, engineering and technological science, humanities and social sciences
(referred to as scientific and technological fields). S&T activities can be
classified in to 3 categories: research and development (R&D) activities,
application of R&D results, and related S&T services. This statistical
definition is made by UNICHIEF for scientific and technological activities to
meet the need of carrying out statistical work in this field for its member
countries in particular those developing countries.
Personnel
Engaged in S&T Activities refer to personnel
directly engaged in S&T activities, in the management of S&T activities,
and in providing direct service to S&T activities, who spend over 10% of
the total working hours in a year in S&T activities. (1) Personnel directly
engaged in S&T activities include researchers, engineers, technicians and
other related personnel engaged in S&T activities in independent-accounting
R&D institutions, institutions of higher learning, and in research
institutes, laboratories, technology development centers and central experiment
workshops under enterprises and institutions. Also included are people working
in S&T research project teams, professional and technical personnel working
in S&T information archiving institutes, and graduate students working on
the design of their thesis. (2) Personnel engaged in the management of S&T
activities and in providing direct service to S&T activities include senior
management people responsible for S&T activities in independent -accounting
R&D institutions, S&T information archiving institutes, institutions of
higher learning, and in enterprises and institutions where S&T activities
are undertaken. Also included are people responsible for the planning,
administration, personnel management, financial management, logistics supply,
equipment maintenance, information and library management that are related with
S&T activities. People providing indirect services are excluded, such as
security, medical service, drivers, plumbers, cleaners and those providing
catering and related service. This indicator reflects the size of personnel
engaged in S&T activities.
Scientists
and Engineers refer to persons engaged in S&T
activities who have obtained titles of senior and
middle level professional positions, and those without such position but have
completed university or higher education. This indicator reflects the quality
of personnel engaged in S&T activities.
Research
and Development (R&D) refers to systematic and
creative activities in the field of science and technology aiming at increasing
the knowledge and using the knowledge for new application. R&D includes 3
categories of activities: basic research, applied research and experiments and
development. The scale and intensity of R&D are widely used internationally
to reflect the strength of S&T and the core competitiveness of a country in
the world.
R&D
Personnel refer to persons engaged in research, management and supporting
activities of R & D, including persons in the project teams, persons
engaged in the management of S&T activities of enterprises and supporting
staff providing direct service to the research projects. This indicator
reflects the size of personnel engaged in R&D activities with independent
intellectual property.
Total
Expenditure of Funds on R&D refers to the real
expenditure of surveyed units on their own R&D activities (basic research,
application study, test and development) including direct expenditure on
R&D activities, indirect expenditure of management and services on R&D
activities, expenditure on capital construction and material processing by
others. Excluding the expenditure on production activities, return of loan, and
fees transferred to cooperated and entrusted agencies on R&D activities.
Patent is an abbreviation for the patent right and refers to the exclusive
right of ownership by the inventors or designers for the creation or inventions,
given from the patent offices after due process of assessment and approval in
accordance with the Patent Law. Patents are granted for inventions, utility
models and designs. This indicator reflects the achievements of S&T and
design with independent intellectual property.
Patented
Inventions refer to the new technical proposals to the products or methods or their
modifications. This is universal core indicator reflecting the technologies
with independent intellectual property.
Patented
Utility Models refer to the practical and new
technical proposals on the shape and structure of the product or the
combination of both. This indicator reflects the condition of technological
results with certain technical content.
Designs refer to the aesthetics and industrially applicable new designs for the shape, pattern and color of the product, or their combinations. This indicator reflects the appearance design achievements with independent intellectual property.