Explanatory Notes on Main
Statistical Indicators
Regular Institutions of Higher
Education refer to educational
establishments recruiting graduates from senior secondary schools as the main
target through National Matriculation TEST. They include full-time
universities, independently established colleges, colleges, and institutions of
higher professional education, institutions of higher vocational education and
others.
Institutions of Higher
Education for Adults refer to
educational establishments, enrolling personnel with senior secondary school or
equivalent education through National Matriculation TEST for Adult, and
providing higher education courses in forms of correspondence, spare time, or
full time for adults. Institutions of higher learning for adults include
schools of higher education for staff and workers, schools of higher education
for peasants, colleges for management cadres, pedagogical colleges, independent
correspondence colleges, radio and television universities and other
educational establishments. Other educational establishments refer to
undertaking adult students enrolment but not enumerated in the number of
schools under the State Plan.
Scientific
and Technological Activities (S&T Activities) refer to organized activities which
are closely related with the creation, development, dissemination and
application of the scientific and technical knowledge in the fields of natural
sciences, agricultural science, medical science, engineering and technological
science, humanities and social sciences (referred to as scientific and
technological fields). S&T activities can be classified in to 3 categories:
research and development (R&D) activities, application of R&D results,
and related S&T services. This statistical definition is made by UNICHIEF
for scientific and technological activities to meet the need of carrying out
statistical work in this field for its member countries in particular those
developing countries.
Personnel
Engaged in S&T Activities refer to
personnel directly engaged in S&T activities, in the management of S&T
activities, and in providing direct service to S&T activities, who spend
over 10% of the total working hours in a year in S&T activities. (1)
Personnel directly engaged in S&T activities include researchers,
engineers, technicians and other related personnel engaged in S&T
activities in independent-accounting R&D institutions, institutions of
higher learning, and in research institutes, laboratories, technology
development centers and central experiment workshops under enterprises and
institutions. Also included are people working in S&T research project
teams, professional and technical personnel working in S&T information
archiving institutes, and graduate students working on the design of their
thesis. (2) Personnel engaged in the management of S&T activities and in
providing direct service to S&T activities include senior management people
responsible for S&T activities in independent -accounting R&D
institutions, S&T information archiving institutes, institutions of higher
learning, and in enterprises and institutions where S&T activities are
undertaken. Also included are people responsible for the planning,
administration, personnel management, financial management, logistics supply,
equipment maintenance, information and library management that are related with
S&T activities. People providing indirect services are excluded, such as
security, medical service, drivers, plumbers, cleaners and those providing
catering and related service. This indicator reflects the size of personnel
engaged in S&T activities.
Scientists and Engineers refer to persons engaged in S&T
activities who have obtained titles of senior and middle level professional
positions, and those without such position but have completed university or
higher education. This indicator reflects the quality of personnel engaged in
S&T activities.
Research
and Development (R&D) refers to systematic and
creative activities in the field of science and technology aiming at increasing
the knowledge and using the knowledge for new application. R&D includes 3
categories of activities: basic research, applied research and experiments and
development. The scale and intensity of R&D are widely used internationally
to reflect the strength of S&T and the core competitiveness of a country in
the world.
R&D
Personnel refer to persons
engaged in research, management and supporting activities of R & D,
including persons in the project teams, persons engaged in the management of
S&T activities of enterprises and supporting staff providing direct service
to the research projects. This indicator reflects the size of personnel engaged
in R&D activities with independent intellectual property.
Total
Expenditure of Funds on R&D refers to the real expenditure of
surveyed units on their own R&D activities (basic research, application
study, test and development) including direct expenditure on R&D
activities, indirect expenditure of management and services on R&D
activities, expenditure on capital construction and material processing by
others. Excluding the expenditure on production activities, return of loan, and
fees transferred to cooperated and entrusted agencies on R&D activities.
Patent
is an abbreviation for the patent right and refers to the exclusive
right of ownership by the inventors or designers for the creation or
inventions, given from the patent offices after due process of assessment and
approval in accordance with the Patent Law. Patents are granted for inventions,
utility models and designs. This indicator reflects the achievements of S&T
and design with independent intellectual property.
Patented Inventions refer to the new
technical proposals to the products or methods or their modifications. This is
universal core indicator reflecting the technologies with independent intellectual
property.
Patented Utility Models refer to the
practical and new technical proposals on the shape and structure of the product
or the combination of both. This indicator reflects the condition of
technological results with certain technical content.
Designs refer to the
aesthetics and industrially applicable new designs for the shape, pattern and
color of the product, or their combinations. This indicator reflects the
appearance design achievements with independent intellectual property.